{
  "metadata": {
    "title": "Blockchain: A Skeptic's Guide to Trust Technologies",
    "description": "A comprehensive, balanced examination of blockchain and related trust technologies from a critical, evidence-based perspective. Students explore trust fundamentals, non-repudiation technologies, cost analysis, architecture tradeoff methods, cognitive biases, and structured decision-making frameworks.",
    "creator": "Dan McCreary",
    "date": "2026-03-22",
    "version": "1.0",
    "format": "Learning Graph JSON v1.0",
    "schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmccreary/learning-graphs/refs/heads/main/src/schema/learning-graph-schema.json",
    "license": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED"
  },
  "groups": {
    "FOUND": {
      "classifierName": "Foundation Concepts",
      "color": "LightCoral",
      "font": {
        "color": "white"
      }
    },
    "CRYPT": {
      "classifierName": "Cryptography Essentials",
      "color": "PeachPuff",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "PKI": {
      "classifierName": "Public Key Infrastructure",
      "color": "LightYellow",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "DLT": {
      "classifierName": "Distributed Ledger Technology",
      "color": "PaleGreen",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "CONS": {
      "classifierName": "Consensus and Mining",
      "color": "PowderBlue",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "SCALE": {
      "classifierName": "Scalability and Networks",
      "color": "PaleTurquoise",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "ECOSS": {
      "classifierName": "Blockchain Ecosystem",
      "color": "Thistle",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "COST": {
      "classifierName": "Cost and Economics",
      "color": "MistyRose",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "ATAM": {
      "classifierName": "Architecture Tradeoff Analysis",
      "color": "LightSteelBlue",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "BIAS": {
      "classifierName": "Cognitive Bias and Thinking",
      "color": "Lavender",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "CASE": {
      "classifierName": "Case Studies and Use Cases",
      "color": "Honeydew",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "EMRG": {
      "classifierName": "Emerging Technologies",
      "color": "Aquamarine",
      "font": {
        "color": "black"
      }
    },
    "DECIDE": {
      "classifierName": "Decision and Implementation",
      "color": "Plum",
      "font": {
        "color": "white"
      }
    }
  },
  "nodes": [
    {
      "id": 1,
      "label": "Trust",
      "group": "FOUND",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 2,
      "label": "Digital Trust",
      "group": "FOUND"
    },
    {
      "id": 3,
      "label": "Network Fundamentals",
      "group": "FOUND",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 4,
      "label": "Internet Architecture",
      "group": "FOUND"
    },
    {
      "id": 5,
      "label": "Client-Server Model",
      "group": "FOUND"
    },
    {
      "id": 6,
      "label": "Peer-to-Peer Networks",
      "group": "FOUND"
    },
    {
      "id": 7,
      "label": "Encryption",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 8,
      "label": "Symmetric Encryption",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 9,
      "label": "Asymmetric Encryption",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 10,
      "label": "Public Key",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 11,
      "label": "Private Key",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 12,
      "label": "Key Pair Generation",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 13,
      "label": "Digital Signature",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 14,
      "label": "Hash Function",
      "group": "CRYPT",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 15,
      "label": "Cryptographic Hash",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 16,
      "label": "SHA-256",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 17,
      "label": "Hash Chain",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 18,
      "label": "Merkle Tree",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 19,
      "label": "Data Integrity",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 20,
      "label": "Tamper Evidence",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 21,
      "label": "Non-Repudiation",
      "group": "CRYPT"
    },
    {
      "id": 22,
      "label": "Authentication",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 23,
      "label": "Authorization",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 24,
      "label": "Identity Verification",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 25,
      "label": "Certificate Authority",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 26,
      "label": "Public Key Infrastructure",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 27,
      "label": "X.509 Certificate",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 28,
      "label": "Certificate Chain",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 29,
      "label": "Root Certificate",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 30,
      "label": "Certificate Revocation",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 31,
      "label": "CA Vulnerabilities",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 32,
      "label": "CA Compromise Scenarios",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 33,
      "label": "Trust Anchor",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 34,
      "label": "Centralized Trust",
      "group": "PKI"
    },
    {
      "id": 35,
      "label": "Decentralized Trust",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 36,
      "label": "Distributed System",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 37,
      "label": "Distributed Ledger",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 38,
      "label": "Ledger Replication",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 39,
      "label": "Immutability",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 40,
      "label": "Append-Only Data",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 41,
      "label": "Blockchain Definition",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 42,
      "label": "Block Structure",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 43,
      "label": "Block Header",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 44,
      "label": "Block Body",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 45,
      "label": "Genesis Block",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 46,
      "label": "Transaction",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 47,
      "label": "Transaction Validation",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 48,
      "label": "Transaction Throughput",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 49,
      "label": "Mempool",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 50,
      "label": "Node",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 51,
      "label": "Full Node",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 52,
      "label": "Light Node",
      "group": "DLT"
    },
    {
      "id": 53,
      "label": "Mining",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 54,
      "label": "Miner",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 55,
      "label": "Mining Reward",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 56,
      "label": "Difficulty Adjustment",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 57,
      "label": "Nonce",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 58,
      "label": "Consensus Mechanism",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 59,
      "label": "Proof of Work",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 60,
      "label": "Proof of Stake",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 61,
      "label": "Delegated Proof of Stake",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 62,
      "label": "Byzantine Fault Tolerance",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 63,
      "label": "Byzantine Generals Problem",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 64,
      "label": "Practical BFT",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 65,
      "label": "Finality",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 66,
      "label": "Fork",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 67,
      "label": "Hard Fork",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 68,
      "label": "Soft Fork",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 69,
      "label": "Longest Chain Rule",
      "group": "CONS"
    },
    {
      "id": 70,
      "label": "Network Latency",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 71,
      "label": "Scalability",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 72,
      "label": "Scalability Trilemma",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 73,
      "label": "Throughput vs Latency",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 74,
      "label": "On-Chain vs Off-Chain",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 75,
      "label": "Layer 1",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 76,
      "label": "Layer 2 Solutions",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 77,
      "label": "State Channel",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 78,
      "label": "Sidechain",
      "group": "SCALE"
    },
    {
      "id": 79,
      "label": "Smart Contract",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 80,
      "label": "Smart Contract Risks",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 81,
      "label": "Oracle Problem",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 82,
      "label": "Gas and Fees",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 83,
      "label": "Token",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 84,
      "label": "Fungible Token",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 85,
      "label": "Non-Fungible Token",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 86,
      "label": "Tokenization",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 87,
      "label": "Wallet",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 88,
      "label": "Cold Storage",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 89,
      "label": "Hot Wallet",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 90,
      "label": "Permissioned Blockchain",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 91,
      "label": "Permissionless Blockchain",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 92,
      "label": "Public Blockchain",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 93,
      "label": "Private Blockchain",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 94,
      "label": "Consortium Blockchain",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 95,
      "label": "Hyperledger",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 96,
      "label": "Ethereum Overview",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 97,
      "label": "Bitcoin Overview",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 98,
      "label": "Blockchain Generations",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 99,
      "label": "Decentralized Application",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 100,
      "label": "Governance",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 101,
      "label": "On-Chain Governance",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 102,
      "label": "Off-Chain Governance",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 103,
      "label": "Interoperability",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 104,
      "label": "Cross-Chain Bridge",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 105,
      "label": "Computational Cost",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 106,
      "label": "Energy Consumption",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 107,
      "label": "Network Cost Analysis",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 108,
      "label": "Transaction Cost",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 109,
      "label": "Total Cost of Ownership",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 110,
      "label": "Cost Projection Model",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 111,
      "label": "Cost Simulation",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 112,
      "label": "Cost-Benefit Analysis",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 113,
      "label": "Break-Even Analysis",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 114,
      "label": "Operating Expense",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 115,
      "label": "Capital Expense",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 116,
      "label": "Infrastructure Cost",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 117,
      "label": "Cloud vs On-Premise",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 118,
      "label": "Vendor Lock-In",
      "group": "COST"
    },
    {
      "id": 119,
      "label": "Architecture",
      "group": "ATAM",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 120,
      "label": "Architecture Tradeoff",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 121,
      "label": "ATAM Overview",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 122,
      "label": "Quality Attribute",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 123,
      "label": "Quality Attribute Scenario",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 124,
      "label": "Utility Tree",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 125,
      "label": "Utility Tree Construction",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 126,
      "label": "Sensitivity Point",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 127,
      "label": "Tradeoff Point",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 128,
      "label": "Risk Theme",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 129,
      "label": "Architecture Risk",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 130,
      "label": "Risk Identification",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 131,
      "label": "Risk Mitigation",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 132,
      "label": "Scenario Generation",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 133,
      "label": "Stakeholder Analysis",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 134,
      "label": "Business Requirement",
      "group": "ATAM",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 135,
      "label": "Functional Requirement",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 136,
      "label": "Non-Functional Requirement",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 137,
      "label": "Security Attribute",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 138,
      "label": "Performance Attribute",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 139,
      "label": "Availability Attribute",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 140,
      "label": "Modifiability",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 141,
      "label": "Reliability",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 142,
      "label": "Maintainability",
      "group": "ATAM"
    },
    {
      "id": 143,
      "label": "Cognitive Bias",
      "group": "BIAS",
      "shape": "box"
    },
    {
      "id": 144,
      "label": "Confirmation Bias",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 145,
      "label": "Sunk Cost Fallacy",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 146,
      "label": "Bandwagon Effect",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 147,
      "label": "Appeal to Novelty",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 148,
      "label": "Anchoring Bias",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 149,
      "label": "Status Quo Bias",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 150,
      "label": "Dunning-Kruger Effect",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 151,
      "label": "Halo Effect",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 152,
      "label": "Survivorship Bias",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 153,
      "label": "Availability Heuristic",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 154,
      "label": "Groupthink",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 155,
      "label": "Bias Checklist",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 156,
      "label": "Debiasing Techniques",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 157,
      "label": "Critical Thinking",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 158,
      "label": "Evidence-Based Evaluation",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 159,
      "label": "Hype Cycle",
      "group": "BIAS"
    },
    {
      "id": 160,
      "label": "Technology Readiness Level",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 161,
      "label": "Supply Chain Use Case",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 162,
      "label": "Healthcare Use Case",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 163,
      "label": "Financial Services Use Case",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 164,
      "label": "E-Commerce Use Case",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 165,
      "label": "Retail Use Case",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 166,
      "label": "Case Study Analysis",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 167,
      "label": "Successful Adoption Factors",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 168,
      "label": "Failed Project Analysis",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 169,
      "label": "Blockchain Limitations",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 170,
      "label": "When Not to Use Blockchain",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 171,
      "label": "Decision Flowchart",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 172,
      "label": "Alternative Technologies",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 173,
      "label": "Centralized Database",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 174,
      "label": "Traditional PKI vs DLT",
      "group": "CASE"
    },
    {
      "id": 175,
      "label": "Hybrid Architecture",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 176,
      "label": "Zero-Knowledge Proof",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 177,
      "label": "Verifiable Credential",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 178,
      "label": "Decentralized Identifier",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 179,
      "label": "Self-Sovereign Identity",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 180,
      "label": "Post-Blockchain Tech",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 181,
      "label": "Emerging Trust Tech",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 182,
      "label": "Privacy",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 183,
      "label": "Data Sovereignty",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 184,
      "label": "Regulatory Compliance",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 185,
      "label": "GDPR and Blockchain",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 186,
      "label": "Right to Be Forgotten",
      "group": "EMRG"
    },
    {
      "id": 187,
      "label": "Consortium Governance",
      "group": "ECOSS"
    },
    {
      "id": 188,
      "label": "Organizational Challenges",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 189,
      "label": "Stakeholder Buy-In",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 190,
      "label": "Change Management",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 191,
      "label": "Technology Evaluation",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
    {
      "id": 192,
      "label": "Vendor Assessment",
      "group": "DECIDE"
    },
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}