flowchart TD A["CRISPR-Cas9 Targets Gene"]:::cas9 B["Double-Strand Break (DSB)"]:::dsb C{"Repair Template\nProvided?"}:::decision D["NHEJ Pathway\n(Non-Homologous End Joining)"]:::nhej E["HDR Pathway\n(Homology-Directed Repair)"]:::hdr F["Random Nucleotide\nInsertions or Deletions"]:::nhejStep G["Donor Template Aligns\nwith Break Site"]:::hdrStep H["Frameshift Mutations"]:::nhejStep I["Precise Sequence\nIncorporation"]:::hdrStep J["Gene Disruption\n(Knockout)"]:::nhejResult K["Point Mutations"]:::hdrResult L["Gene Insertions\n(Knock-in)"]:::hdrResult M["Gene Replacements"]:::hdrResult A --> B B --> C C -- "No" --> D C -- "Yes" --> E D --> F F --> H H --> J E --> G G --> I I --> K I --> L I --> M classDef cas9 fill:#5B8FF9,stroke:#3366CC,color:#fff,font-weight:bold classDef dsb fill:#FF6B6B,stroke:#CC3333,color:#fff,font-weight:bold classDef decision fill:#FFC857,stroke:#CC9900,color:#333,font-weight:bold classDef nhej fill:#FF8C42,stroke:#CC6600,color:#fff,font-weight:bold classDef nhejStep fill:#FFB074,stroke:#CC8855,color:#333,font-weight:bold classDef nhejResult fill:#FF6B6B,stroke:#CC4444,color:#fff,font-weight:bold classDef hdr fill:#36B37E,stroke:#228855,color:#fff,font-weight:bold classDef hdrStep fill:#79D9A4,stroke:#55AA77,color:#333,font-weight:bold classDef hdrResult fill:#00B8D9,stroke:#0088AA,color:#fff,font-weight:bold