{ "metadata": { "title": "Information Systems", "description": "An ABET CAC-aligned intelligent textbook covering the foundations of information systems \u2014 application development, data management, IS project management, networks and telecommunications for business, security of information assets, the role of IS in organizations, the modern integration of AI throughout the IS function, and the rise of Enterprise Knowledge Graphs and the Enterprise Nervous System.", "creator": "Dan McCreary", "date": "2026-04-28", "version": "1.0", "format": "Learning Graph JSON v1.0", "schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmccreary/learning-graphs/refs/heads/main/src/schema/learning-graph-schema.json", "license": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED" }, "groups": { "FOUND": { "classifierName": "Foundation Concepts", "color": "SteelBlue", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "ROLE": { "classifierName": "Role of IS in Organizations", "color": "DarkSlateBlue", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "ARCH": { "classifierName": "Information Systems Architecture", "color": "DarkGreen", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "APPDEV": { "classifierName": "Application Development", "color": "LimeGreen", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "DATA": { "classifierName": "Data and Information Management", "color": "Gold", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "DATAGOV": { "classifierName": "Data Governance and Quality", "color": "DarkGoldenrod", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "BI": { "classifierName": "Business Intelligence and Analytics", "color": "Khaki", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "ENT": { "classifierName": "Enterprise Systems", "color": "Teal", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "NET": { "classifierName": "Networks and Telecommunications", "color": "DodgerBlue", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "CLOUD": { "classifierName": "Cloud Computing", "color": "LightSkyBlue", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "SEC": { "classifierName": "Security of Information Assets", "color": "Crimson", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "PRIV": { "classifierName": "Privacy, Compliance, and Regulation", "color": "DarkRed", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "PM": { "classifierName": "IS Project Management", "color": "MediumPurple", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "BPM": { "classifierName": "Business Process Management", "color": "Indigo", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "SAD": { "classifierName": "Systems Analysis and Design", "color": "DarkOrchid", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "HCI": { "classifierName": "Human-Computer Interaction", "color": "HotPink", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "ITSM": { "classifierName": "IT Service Management", "color": "OliveDrab", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "AIIS": { "classifierName": "AI in Information Systems", "color": "Orange", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "RAI": { "classifierName": "Responsible and Ethical AI", "color": "Coral", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "AILAW": { "classifierName": "AI Law and Regulation", "color": "Peru", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "AISEC": { "classifierName": "AI and Information Security", "color": "SaddleBrown", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "AIPROD": { "classifierName": "AI Productivity Impact", "color": "Tomato", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "KGENS": { "classifierName": "Knowledge Graphs and Enterprise Nervous System", "color": "DeepPink", "font": { "color": "white" } }, "EMRG": { "classifierName": "Emerging Topics", "color": "DimGray", "font": { "color": "white" } } }, "nodes": [ { "id": 1, "label": "Information System", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 2, "label": "Data", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 3, "label": "Information", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 4, "label": "Knowledge", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 5, "label": "DIKW Hierarchy", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 6, "label": "Hardware", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 7, "label": "Software", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 8, "label": "Network", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 9, "label": "User", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 10, "label": "Business Process", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 11, "label": "Organization", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 12, "label": "Stakeholder", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 13, "label": "Business Value", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 14, "label": "Strategy", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 15, "label": "Digital Transformation", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 16, "label": "IT vs IS Distinction", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 17, "label": "Sociotechnical System", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 18, "label": "ABET CAC Criteria", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 19, "label": "Strategic Alignment", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 20, "label": "Value Chain", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 21, "label": "Porter Five Forces", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 22, "label": "Competitive Advantage", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 23, "label": "Business Capability", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 24, "label": "IT Governance", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 25, "label": "COBIT Framework", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 26, "label": "ITIL Framework", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 27, "label": "CIO Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 28, "label": "CTO Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 29, "label": "CDO Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 30, "label": "CISO Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 31, "label": "Enterprise Architect Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 32, "label": "Business Analyst Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 33, "label": "Data Steward Role", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 34, "label": "IS Ethics", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 35, "label": "Professional Responsibility", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 36, "label": "Vendor Management", "group": "ROLE" }, { "id": 37, "label": "Application Portfolio", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 38, "label": "Three-Tier Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 39, "label": "N-Tier Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 40, "label": "Presentation Tier", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 41, "label": "Application Tier", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 42, "label": "Data Tier", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 43, "label": "Enterprise Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 44, "label": "TOGAF Framework", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 45, "label": "Zachman Framework", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 46, "label": "Reference Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 47, "label": "Solution Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 48, "label": "Integration Pattern", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 49, "label": "Enterprise Service Bus", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 50, "label": "API Gateway", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 51, "label": "Service-Oriented Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 52, "label": "Microservices Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 53, "label": "Monolithic Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 54, "label": "Event-Driven Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 55, "label": "REST API", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 56, "label": "GraphQL API", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 57, "label": "Webhooks", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 58, "label": "OpenAPI Specification", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 59, "label": "API Versioning", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 60, "label": "SDLC", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 61, "label": "Waterfall Model", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 62, "label": "Agile Methodology", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 63, "label": "Scrum Framework", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 64, "label": "Kanban Method", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 65, "label": "Extreme Programming", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 66, "label": "Requirements Elicitation", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 67, "label": "Functional Requirement", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 68, "label": "Non-Functional Requirement", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 69, "label": "User Story", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 70, "label": "Acceptance Criteria", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 71, "label": "Sprint", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 72, "label": "Sprint Planning", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 73, "label": "Sprint Review", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 74, "label": "Sprint Retrospective", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 75, "label": "Daily Standup", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 76, "label": "Continuous Integration", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 77, "label": "Continuous Delivery", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 78, "label": "Version Control", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 79, "label": "Git Workflow", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 80, "label": "Code Review", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 81, "label": "Build vs Buy vs SaaS", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 82, "label": "Low-Code Platform", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 83, "label": "Citizen Developer", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 84, "label": "Technical Debt", "group": "APPDEV" }, { "id": 85, "label": "Data Modeling", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 86, "label": "Conceptual Data Model", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 87, "label": "Logical Data Model", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 88, "label": "Physical Data Model", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 89, "label": "Entity Relationship Diagram", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 90, "label": "Entity", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 91, "label": "Attribute", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 92, "label": "Relationship", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 93, "label": "Cardinality", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 94, "label": "Primary Key", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 95, "label": "Foreign Key", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 96, "label": "Database Index", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 97, "label": "Database Constraint", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 98, "label": "Normalization", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 99, "label": "First Normal Form", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 100, "label": "Second Normal Form", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 101, "label": "Third Normal Form", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 102, "label": "Denormalization", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 103, "label": "SQL Language", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 104, "label": "SELECT Statement", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 105, "label": "JOIN Operation", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 106, "label": "Subquery", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 107, "label": "Window Function", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 108, "label": "Stored Procedure", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 109, "label": "Database View", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 110, "label": "Transaction", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 111, "label": "ACID Properties", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 112, "label": "Isolation Level", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 113, "label": "Concurrency Control", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 114, "label": "Database Migration", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 115, "label": "Relational Database", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 116, "label": "PostgreSQL", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 117, "label": "MySQL", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 118, "label": "SQL Server", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 119, "label": "Analytical Database", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 120, "label": "OLTP vs OLAP", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 121, "label": "Data Warehouse", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 122, "label": "Star Schema", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 123, "label": "Snowflake Schema", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 124, "label": "Fact Table", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 125, "label": "Dimension Table", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 126, "label": "Slowly Changing Dimension", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 127, "label": "Columnar Storage", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 128, "label": "Snowflake Platform", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 129, "label": "Amazon Redshift", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 130, "label": "Key-Value Store", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 131, "label": "Redis", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 132, "label": "DynamoDB", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 133, "label": "Column-Family Store", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 134, "label": "Apache Cassandra", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 135, "label": "HBase", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 136, "label": "Document Database", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 137, "label": "MongoDB", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 138, "label": "JSON Document", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 139, "label": "XML Document", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 140, "label": "Database Selection", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 141, "label": "CAP Theorem", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 142, "label": "Polyglot Persistence", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 143, "label": "Data Lake", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 144, "label": "Data Lakehouse", "group": "DATA" }, { "id": 145, "label": "ETL Process", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 146, "label": "ELT Process", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 147, "label": "Data Pipeline", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 148, "label": "Master Data Management", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 149, "label": "Data Quality", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 150, "label": "Data Lineage", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 151, "label": "Data Catalog", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 152, "label": "Data Dictionary", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 153, "label": "Metadata Management", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 154, "label": "Data Owner", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 155, "label": "Data Governance Council", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 156, "label": "DAMA DMBOK", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 157, "label": "Data Mesh", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 158, "label": "Data Product", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 159, "label": "Data Contract", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 160, "label": "Schema Evolution", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 161, "label": "Data Retention Policy", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 162, "label": "Records Management", "group": "DATAGOV" }, { "id": 163, "label": "Descriptive Analytics", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 164, "label": "Diagnostic Analytics", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 165, "label": "Predictive Analytics", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 166, "label": "Prescriptive Analytics", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 167, "label": "Key Performance Indicator", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 168, "label": "Metric Definition", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 169, "label": "Dashboard Design", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 170, "label": "Self-Service BI", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 171, "label": "OLAP Cube", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 172, "label": "Cube Drilldown", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 173, "label": "Pivot Table", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 174, "label": "Power BI", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 175, "label": "Tableau", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 176, "label": "Data Visualization", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 177, "label": "Chart Selection", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 178, "label": "Embedded Analytics", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 179, "label": "Balanced Scorecard", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 180, "label": "Decision Support System", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 181, "label": "Data Storytelling", "group": "BI" }, { "id": 182, "label": "Enterprise Resource Planning", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 183, "label": "ERP Implementation", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 184, "label": "CRM System", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 185, "label": "Supply Chain Management", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 186, "label": "Inventory Management", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 187, "label": "Procurement System", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 188, "label": "HRIS", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 189, "label": "Payroll System", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 190, "label": "Talent Management", "group": "ENT" }, { "id": 191, "label": "Configuration 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"Cloud Connectivity", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 209, "label": "Network Redundancy", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 210, "label": "Network Monitoring", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 211, "label": "Telecom Procurement", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 212, "label": "Cloud Computing", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 213, "label": "NIST Cloud Definition", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 214, "label": "IaaS", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 215, "label": "PaaS", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 216, "label": "SaaS", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 217, "label": "FaaS", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 218, "label": "Public Cloud", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 219, "label": "Private Cloud", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 220, "label": "Hybrid Cloud", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 221, "label": "Multi-Cloud", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 222, "label": "CapEx vs OpEx", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 223, "label": "Cloud Cost Model", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 224, "label": "FinOps", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 225, "label": "Reserved Instance", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 226, "label": "Container", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 227, "label": "Docker", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 228, "label": "Kubernetes", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 229, "label": "Cloud Migration", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 230, "label": "Six Rs of Migration", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 231, "label": "Lift and Shift", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 232, "label": "Vendor Lock-In", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 233, "label": "Cloud Center of Excellence", "group": "CLOUD" }, { "id": 234, "label": "CIA Triad", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 235, "label": "Confidentiality", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 236, "label": "Integrity", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 237, "label": "Availability", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 238, "label": "AAA Framework", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 239, "label": "Authentication", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 240, "label": "Authorization", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 241, "label": "Multifactor Authentication", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 242, "label": "Single Sign-On", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 243, "label": "Identity Provider", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 244, "label": "SAML", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 245, "label": "OAuth 2.0", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 246, "label": "OpenID Connect", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 247, "label": "Role-Based Access Control", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 248, "label": "Attribute-Based Access Control", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 249, "label": "Least Privilege", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 250, "label": "Zero Trust Architecture", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 251, "label": "Encryption at Rest", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 252, "label": "Encryption in Transit", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 253, "label": "TLS Protocol", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 254, "label": "Public Key Infrastructure", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 255, "label": "Symmetric Encryption", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 256, "label": "Asymmetric Encryption", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 257, "label": "Key Management", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 258, "label": "Hashing", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 259, "label": "Digital Signature", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 260, "label": "NIST CSF", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 261, "label": "ISO 27001", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 262, "label": "CIS Controls", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 263, "label": "Threat Modeling", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 264, "label": "STRIDE Method", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 265, "label": "Vulnerability Management", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 266, "label": "Penetration Testing", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 267, "label": "SIEM", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 268, "label": "Security Operations Center", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 269, "label": "Incident Response", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 270, "label": "Audit Trail", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 271, "label": "GDPR", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 272, "label": "CCPA CPRA", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 273, "label": "HIPAA", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 274, "label": "SOX", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 275, "label": "PCI-DSS", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 276, "label": "Data Subject Rights", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 277, "label": "Right to Erasure", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 278, "label": "Data Portability", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 279, "label": "Privacy by Design", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 280, "label": "Privacy Impact Assessment", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 281, "label": "Data Processing Agreement", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 282, "label": "Data Residency", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 283, "label": "Cross-Border Transfer", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 284, "label": "Standard Contractual Clauses", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 285, "label": "Schrems II", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 286, "label": "Records Retention", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 287, "label": "Data Minimization", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 288, "label": "Purpose Limitation", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 289, "label": "Lawful Basis", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 290, "label": "Consent Management", "group": "PRIV" }, { "id": 291, "label": "Data Breach Notification", "group": "PRIV" }, { 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