{ "metadata": { "title": "Networking and Communication", "description": "An ABET CAC-aligned undergraduate intelligent textbook covering the foundations of networking and communication: layered architecture, physical and link layers, LANs and switching, IPv4/IPv6 and routing, reliable transport (TCP/UDP/QUIC), application protocols, network security, wireless and mobility, network programming, measurement and operations, and software-defined and programmable networks. Aligned to the ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI CS2023 Networking and Communication knowledge area.", "creator": "Dan McCreary", "date": "2026-04-27", "version": "1.0", "format": "Learning Graph JSON v1.0", "schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmccreary/learning-graphs/refs/heads/main/src/schema/learning-graph-schema.json", "license": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED" }, "groups": { "FOUND": { "classifierName": "Foundation Concepts", "color": "Gainsboro", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "ARCH": { "classifierName": "Architecture and Layering", "color": "PaleTurquoise", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "PERF": { "classifierName": "Performance and Quality of Service", "color": "Lavender", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "PHYS": { "classifierName": "Physical Layer", "color": "LightYellow", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "LINK": { "classifierName": "Link Layer and LAN Switching", "color": "LightCoral", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "WIRE": { "classifierName": "Wireless and Mobility", "color": "Plum", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "NET": { "classifierName": "Network Layer and Addressing", "color": "SteelBlue", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "ROUT": { "classifierName": "Routing and Forwarding", "color": "PeachPuff", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "TRANS": { "classifierName": "Transport Layer", "color": "PaleGreen", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "APP": { "classifierName": "Application Layer Protocols", "color": "LavenderBlush", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "SEC": { "classifierName": "Network Security", "color": "MistyRose", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "PROG": { "classifierName": "Network Programming", "color": "Thistle", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "OPS": { "classifierName": "Network Operations and Measurement", "color": "MintCream", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "SDN": { "classifierName": "SDN, NFV, and Emerging Topics", "color": "PowderBlue", "font": { "color": "black" } }, "CAP": { "classifierName": "Capstone Projects", "color": "Honeydew", "font": { "color": "black" } } }, "nodes": [ { "id": 1, "label": "Computer Network", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 2, "label": "Host", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 3, "label": "End System", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 4, "label": "Server", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 5, "label": "Client", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 6, "label": "Network Node", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 7, "label": "Network Edge", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 8, "label": "Network Core", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 9, "label": "Communication Link", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 10, "label": "Network Interface", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 11, "label": "MAC Address", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 12, "label": "IP Address", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 13, "label": "Port Number", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 14, "label": "Protocol", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 15, "label": "Standard", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 16, "label": "RFC Document", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 17, "label": "IEEE Standard", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 18, "label": "IETF", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 19, "label": "ISO", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 20, "label": "ICANN", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 21, "label": "Bit", "group": "FOUND", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 22, "label": "Byte", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 23, "label": "Frame", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 24, "label": "Packet", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 25, "label": "Segment", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 26, "label": "Datagram", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 27, "label": "Message", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 28, "label": "Header", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 29, "label": "Payload", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 30, "label": "Trailer", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 31, "label": "Encapsulation", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 32, "label": "Decapsulation", "group": "FOUND" }, { "id": 33, "label": "Layered Architecture", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 34, "label": "OSI Reference Model", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 35, "label": "TCP IP Model", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 36, "label": "Physical Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 37, "label": "Data Link Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 38, "label": "Network Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 39, "label": "Transport Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 40, "label": "Session Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 41, "label": "Presentation Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 42, "label": "Application Layer", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 43, "label": "End To End Principle", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 44, "label": "Separation Of Concerns", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 45, "label": "Service Model", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 46, "label": "Connection Oriented", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 47, "label": "Connectionless", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 48, "label": "Best Effort Delivery", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 49, "label": "Reliable Delivery", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 50, "label": "Stateful Protocol", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 51, "label": "Stateless Protocol", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 52, "label": "In Band Signaling", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 53, "label": "Out Of Band Signaling", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 54, "label": "Unicast", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 55, "label": "Multicast", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 56, "label": "Broadcast", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 57, "label": "Anycast", "group": "ARCH" }, { "id": 58, "label": "Bandwidth", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 59, "label": "Throughput", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 60, "label": "Goodput", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 61, "label": "Latency", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 62, "label": "Propagation Delay", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 63, "label": "Transmission Delay", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 64, "label": "Queuing Delay", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 65, "label": "Processing Delay", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 66, "label": "Round Trip Time", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 67, "label": "Jitter", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 68, "label": "Packet Loss", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 69, "label": "MTU", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 70, "label": "Bandwidth Delay Product", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 71, "label": "Signal", "group": "PHYS", "shape": "box" }, { "id": 72, "label": "Analog Signal", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 73, "label": "Digital Signal", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 74, "label": "Modulation", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 75, "label": "Demodulation", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 76, "label": "Encoding", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 77, "label": "Decoding", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 78, "label": "Manchester Encoding", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 79, "label": "NRZ Encoding", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 80, "label": "Symbol Rate", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 81, "label": "Baud Rate", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 82, "label": "Channel Capacity", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 83, "label": "Shannon Theorem", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 84, "label": "Twisted Pair Cable", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 85, "label": "Coaxial Cable", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 86, "label": "Fiber Optic Cable", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 87, "label": "Wireless Medium", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 88, "label": "Attenuation", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 89, "label": "Noise", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 90, "label": "Interference", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 91, "label": "Bit Error Rate", "group": "PHYS" }, { "id": 92, "label": "Framing", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 93, "label": "Bit Stuffing", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 94, "label": "Byte Stuffing", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 95, "label": "Parity Check", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 96, "label": "Checksum", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 97, "label": "CRC", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 98, "label": "Forward Error Correction", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 99, "label": "Automatic Repeat Request", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 100, "label": "Stop And Wait Protocol", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 101, "label": "Sliding Window", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 102, "label": "Go Back N", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 103, "label": "Selective Repeat", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 104, "label": "Media Access Control", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 105, "label": "ALOHA Protocol", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 106, "label": "CSMA", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 107, "label": "CSMA CD", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 108, "label": "CSMA CA", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 109, "label": "Token Passing", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 110, "label": "Ethernet", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 111, "label": "Ethernet Frame", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 112, "label": "Ethernet Switch", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 113, "label": "Hub", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 114, "label": "Bridge", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 115, "label": "Learning Switch", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 116, "label": "Spanning Tree Protocol", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 117, "label": "Broadcast Domain", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 118, "label": "Collision Domain", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 119, "label": "VLAN", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 120, "label": "VLAN Tagging", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 121, "label": "Trunk Port", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 122, "label": "Access Port", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 123, "label": "Link Aggregation", "group": "LINK" }, { "id": 124, "label": "Wireless LAN", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 125, "label": "Wi Fi", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 126, "label": "Access Point", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 127, "label": "SSID", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 128, "label": "BSS", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 129, "label": "ESS", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 130, "label": "Wi Fi Channel", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 131, "label": "RTS CTS", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 132, "label": "Wi Fi Roaming", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 133, "label": "Bluetooth", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 134, "label": "Cellular Network", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 135, "label": "4G LTE", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 136, "label": "5G NR", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 137, "label": "Mobile IP", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 138, "label": "Handoff", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 139, "label": "Link Adaptation", "group": "WIRE" }, { "id": 140, "label": "IPv4", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 141, "label": "IPv4 Header", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 142, "label": "IPv4 Address Format", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 143, "label": "IPv4 Address Class", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 144, "label": "Private IPv4 Range", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 145, "label": "Loopback Address", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 146, "label": "CIDR Notation", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 147, "label": "Subnet", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 148, "label": "Subnet Mask", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 149, "label": "Subnetting", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 150, "label": "Supernetting", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 151, "label": "Longest Prefix Match", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 152, "label": "IPv6", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 153, "label": "IPv6 Header", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 154, "label": "IPv6 Address Format", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 155, "label": "IPv6 Address Type", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 156, "label": "IPv6 Autoconfiguration", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 157, "label": "IPv4 IPv6 Transition", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 158, "label": "Dual Stack", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 159, "label": "Tunneling", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 160, "label": "NAT64", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 161, "label": "ICMP", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 162, "label": "Ping", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 163, "label": "Traceroute", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 164, "label": "ARP", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 165, "label": "NDP", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 166, "label": "NAT", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 167, "label": "Port Address Translation", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 168, "label": "Fragmentation", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 169, "label": "Reassembly", "group": "NET" }, { "id": 170, "label": "Forwarding", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 171, "label": "Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 172, "label": "Forwarding Table", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 173, "label": "Routing Table", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 174, "label": "Static Route", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 175, "label": "Default Route", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 176, "label": "Routing Algorithm", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 177, "label": "Distance Vector Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 178, "label": "Bellman Ford Algorithm", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 179, "label": "RIP Protocol", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 180, "label": "Count To Infinity", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 181, "label": "Split Horizon", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 182, "label": "Poison Reverse", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 183, "label": "Link State Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 184, "label": "Dijkstra Algorithm", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 185, "label": "OSPF Protocol", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 186, "label": "Path Vector Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 187, "label": "BGP Protocol", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 188, "label": "Autonomous System", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 189, "label": "Intradomain Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 190, "label": "Interdomain Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 191, "label": "Internet Topology", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 192, "label": "Tier 1 ISP", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 193, "label": "Peering", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 194, "label": "Transit Provider", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 195, "label": "Multicast Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 196, "label": "Anycast Routing", "group": "ROUT" }, { "id": 197, "label": "UDP", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 198, "label": "UDP Datagram", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 199, "label": "TCP", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 200, "label": "TCP Segment", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 201, "label": "TCP Three Way Handshake", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 202, "label": "TCP Termination", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 203, "label": "Sequence Number", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 204, "label": "Acknowledgment", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 205, "label": "TCP Window", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 206, "label": "Flow Control", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 207, "label": "Congestion Control", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 208, "label": "Slow Start", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 209, "label": "Congestion Avoidance", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 210, "label": "Fast Retransmit", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 211, "label": "Fast Recovery", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 212, "label": "TCP Reno", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 213, "label": "TCP CUBIC", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 214, "label": "TCP BBR", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 215, "label": "Retransmission Timer", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 216, "label": "Karn Algorithm", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 217, "label": "Nagle Algorithm", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 218, "label": "SACK Option", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 219, "label": "QUIC Protocol", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 220, "label": "Multipath TCP", "group": "TRANS" }, { "id": 221, "label": "Quality Of Service", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 222, "label": "Traffic Shaping", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 223, "label": "Token Bucket", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 224, "label": "Leaky Bucket", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 225, "label": "Fair Queuing", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 226, "label": "Scheduling Discipline", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 227, "label": "Admission Control", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 228, "label": "Differentiated Services", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 229, "label": "Integrated Services", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 230, "label": "Net Neutrality", "group": "PERF" }, { "id": 231, "label": "DNS", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 232, "label": "DNS Hierarchy", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 233, "label": "DNS Record Type", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 234, "label": "Recursive Resolver", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 235, "label": "Authoritative Server", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 236, "label": "Root Name Server", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 237, "label": "DNS Caching", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 238, "label": "DNSSEC", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 239, "label": "HTTP Protocol", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 240, "label": "HTTP Methods", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 241, "label": "HTTP Status Code", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 242, "label": "HTTP Headers", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 243, "label": "Cookie", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 244, "label": "HTTP One One", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 245, "label": "HTTP Two", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 246, "label": "HTTP Three", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 247, "label": "HTTPS", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 248, "label": "REST Architecture", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 249, "label": "WebSocket", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 250, "label": "GRPC", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 251, "label": "SMTP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 252, "label": "IMAP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 253, "label": "POP3", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 254, "label": "FTP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 255, "label": "SSH Protocol", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 256, "label": "Telnet", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 257, "label": "DHCP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 258, "label": "SNMP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 259, "label": "NTP", "group": "APP" }, { "id": 260, "label": "Cryptography Basics", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 261, "label": "Symmetric Encryption", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 262, "label": "Public Key Cryptography", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 263, "label": "Hash Function", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 264, "label": "Digital Signature", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 265, "label": "Certificate Authority", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 266, "label": "X509 Certificate", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 267, "label": "TLS Protocol", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 268, "label": "TLS Handshake", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 269, "label": "Cipher Suite", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 270, "label": "IPsec", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 271, "label": "VPN", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 272, "label": "Firewall", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 273, "label": "Stateful Firewall", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 274, "label": "Intrusion Detection", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 275, "label": "Intrusion Prevention", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 276, "label": "Spoofing Attack", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 277, "label": "Man In The Middle", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 278, "label": "DDoS Attack", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 279, "label": "Replay Attack", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 280, "label": "SYN Flood", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 281, "label": "ARP Spoofing", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 282, "label": "DNS Cache Poisoning", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 283, "label": "Defense In Depth", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 284, "label": "Zero Trust Network", "group": "SEC" }, { "id": 285, "label": "Berkeley Sockets API", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 286, "label": "TCP Socket", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 287, "label": "UDP Socket", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 288, "label": "Socket Address", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 289, "label": "Bind Operation", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 290, "label": "Listen Operation", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 291, "label": "Accept Operation", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 292, "label": "Connect Operation", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 293, "label": "Send Receive Operation", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 294, "label": "Blocking IO", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 295, "label": "Non Blocking IO", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 296, "label": "Asynchronous IO", "group": "PROG" }, { "id": 297, "label": 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