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References for Probability Fundamentals

Curated resources to deepen your understanding of probability theory, sample spaces, events, and the fundamental rules that govern chance.

Wikipedia Articles

  1. Probability - Wikipedia - Comprehensive overview of probability as a measure of the likelihood of events, covering theoretical, empirical, and subjective interpretations that align with the chapter's three probability perspectives.

  2. Sample space - Wikipedia - Detailed explanation of sample spaces as the set of all possible outcomes in probability experiments, with examples from dice rolls, coin flips, and card draws.

  3. Event (probability theory) - Wikipedia - Explains how events are subsets of sample spaces, covering simple events, compound events, and relationships between events including complements and intersections.

Textbooks

  1. The Practice of Statistics by Daren S. Starnes, Josh Tabor, and Dan Yates - W.H. Freeman (2018) - The standard AP Statistics textbook with extensive probability coverage, practice problems aligned to the AP curriculum, and clear explanations of the addition and multiplication rules.

  2. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data by Robin H. Lock et al. - Wiley (2020) - Features excellent visual explanations of probability concepts with simulation-based approaches that reinforce the Law of Large Numbers through hands-on exploration.

Online Resources

  1. Khan Academy: Probability - Khan Academy - Free video lessons and practice exercises covering probability fundamentals from basic definitions through the multiplication rule, with immediate feedback on practice problems.

  2. Stat Trek: Probability Tutorial - Stat Trek - Step-by-step tutorials explaining probability rules with worked examples, including interactive probability calculators for checking your work.

  3. Seeing Theory: Basic Probability - Brown University - Beautiful interactive visualizations that let students explore sample spaces, Venn diagrams, and the Law of Large Numbers through dynamic simulations.

  4. AP Statistics Course and Exam Description - College Board - Official guide outlining exactly what probability concepts are tested on the AP exam, including sample free-response questions with scoring guidelines.

  5. Against All Odds: Inside Statistics (Unit 18-20) - Annenberg Learner - Video series produced for PBS that brings probability concepts to life through real-world applications in medicine, gambling, and weather forecasting.