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References for Hypothesis Testing

Curated resources to deepen your understanding of hypothesis testing, p-values, Type I and Type II errors, and statistical significance.

Wikipedia Articles

  1. Statistical Hypothesis Testing - Wikipedia - Comprehensive overview of hypothesis testing methodology, including the logic of null and alternative hypotheses, test statistics, and the decision-making framework used in scientific research.

  2. P-value - Wikipedia - Explains what p-values mean and common misinterpretations, covering calculation methods for one-sided and two-sided tests and the ongoing debate about significance thresholds in science.

  3. Type I and Type II Errors - Wikipedia - Detailed explanation of the two types of errors in hypothesis testing, including the tradeoff between them, power analysis, and real-world examples from medicine and law.

Textbooks

  1. The Practice of Statistics by Daren S. Starnes and Josh Tabor - W.H. Freeman (2018) - The standard AP Statistics text with clear coverage of hypothesis testing for proportions, including proper conclusion language, error types, and the distinction between statistical and practical significance.

  2. Statistics: Informed Decisions Using Data by Michael Sullivan III - Pearson (2017) - Provides accessible explanations of hypothesis testing concepts with extensive worked examples and emphasis on correct interpretation of results.

Online Resources

  1. Understanding P-values - American Statistical Association Statement (2016) - The official ASA statement on p-values clarifying what they do and do not measure, essential reading for understanding the proper use and limitations of significance testing.

  2. Khan Academy: Significance Tests - Khan Academy - Step-by-step video lessons on conducting hypothesis tests for proportions, calculating p-values, and making conclusions, with interactive practice problems.

  3. AP Classroom: Inference for Proportions - College Board - Official AP Statistics resources including video lessons, practice questions, and personal progress tracking aligned with Unit 6 learning objectives.

  4. Stat Trek: Hypothesis Test Tutorial - Stat Trek - Comprehensive online tutorial covering one-proportion and two-proportion z-tests with step-by-step examples, condition checking, and an interactive hypothesis test calculator.

  5. Statistical Significance Does Not Equal Practical Importance - Nature Methods (2016) - Accessible article explaining why statistically significant results may not be meaningful in practice, with guidance on evaluating effect sizes alongside p-values.