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Step 2: Concept Labels (500 Concepts)

Revision (2026)

This concept list was regenerated against the revised course description (5th–12th grade, $50 solderless-breadboard kit, no microcontrollers/programming) and then expanded from 200 to 500 concepts at the user's request for maximum depth. The original 200 concepts (already refined for the new course description) were kept unchanged and 300 new, finer-grained concepts were added within the same 10 topical categories — specific component values (e.g. resistor values, capacitor units), IC pin-level detail for the 555 timer and 74HC595 shift register, step-by-step troubleshooting and measurement procedures, named real-world projects (busy board, solar night light, LED noodle costume), and the transistor-built AND/OR/NOT gates that parallel the wired switch-logic concepts. All 500 labels were checked programmatically for uniqueness (case-insensitive), a 32-character length limit, and Title Case formatting.

Foundational Concepts (95 concepts)

  1. Electric Current
  2. Voltage
  3. Resistance
  4. Ohm's Law
  5. Power
  6. Direct Current
  7. Circuit
  8. Open Circuit
  9. Closed Circuit
  10. Short Circuit
  11. Series Circuit
  12. Parallel Circuit
  13. Ground
  14. Polarity
  15. Circuit Diagram
  16. Schematic Symbol
  17. Component Lead
  18. Positive Terminal
  19. Negative Terminal
  20. Voltage Drop
  21. Current Flow
  22. Electron Flow
  23. Conventional Current
  24. Electric Charge
  25. Potential Difference
  26. Electrical Safety
  27. Power Rating
  28. Heat Dissipation
  29. Current Limiting
  30. Voltage Division
  31. Kirchhoff's Current Law
  32. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
  33. AC vs DC
  34. Battery Polarity
  35. Power Supply Voltage
  36. Common Ground
  37. Forward Voltage
  38. Conductivity
  39. Ohm
  40. Volt
  41. Ampere
  42. Watt
  43. Milliampere
  44. Microampere
  45. Kilohm
  46. Megohm
  47. Coulomb
  48. Milliwatt
  49. Overcurrent
  50. Fuse Protection
  51. Reverse Polarity Damage
  52. Static Discharge
  53. Battery Safety
  54. Short Circuit Risk
  55. Node Voltage
  56. Loop Current
  57. Series Resistance
  58. Parallel Resistance
  59. Equivalent Resistance
  60. Voltage Reference
  61. Series-Parallel Circuit
  62. Current Divider
  63. Circuit Topology
  64. Circuit Branch
  65. Electrical Energy
  66. Joule
  67. Watt-Hour
  68. Water Pipe Analogy
  69. Electric Field
  70. Insulator
  71. Conductor
  72. Semiconductor Material
  73. Static Electricity
  74. Electromotive Force
  75. Internal Resistance
  76. Terminal Voltage
  77. Nominal Voltage
  78. Battery Capacity
  79. Battery Cell
  80. Resistivity
  81. Voltage Rating
  82. Current Rating
  83. Charge Carrier
  84. Circuit Load
  85. Voltage Source
  86. Load Current
  87. Power Consumption
  88. Energy Conversion
  89. Conductance
  90. Current Path
  91. Circuit Element
  92. Circuit Continuity
  93. Voltage Threshold
  94. Circuit Fault
  95. Circuit Efficiency

Component Knowledge - Passive (75 concepts)

  1. Resistor
  2. Resistor Color Code
  3. Resistor Tolerance
  4. Fixed Resistor
  5. Variable Resistor
  6. Potentiometer
  7. Trimmer Resistor
  8. Photoresistor
  9. Light Dependent Resistor
  10. Thermistor
  11. Pull-Up Resistor
  12. Pull-Down Resistor
  13. Current Limiting Resistor
  14. Voltage Divider Circuit
  15. Capacitor
  16. Electrolytic Capacitor
  17. Ceramic Capacitor
  18. Capacitor Polarity
  19. Capacitance
  20. RC Time Constant
  21. RC Circuit
  22. Charging Capacitor
  23. Discharging Capacitor
  24. Inductor
  25. Diode
  26. LED Polarity
  27. LED Forward Voltage
  28. LED Current Rating
  29. Anode
  30. Cathode
  31. 220 Ohm Resistor
  32. 330 Ohm Resistor
  33. 1K Resistor
  34. 10K Resistor
  35. Resistor Symbol
  36. Brown Band Value
  37. Red Band Value
  38. Resistor Multiplier Band
  39. Gold Tolerance Band
  40. Quarter Watt Resistor
  41. Carbon Film Resistor
  42. Metal Film Resistor
  43. Rheostat
  44. NTC Thermistor
  45. Axial Lead Package
  46. Radial Lead Package
  47. Capacitor Symbol
  48. Capacitor Value Code
  49. Microfarad
  50. Picofarad
  51. Nanofarad
  52. Capacitor Voltage Rating
  53. Capacitor Tolerance
  54. Tantalum Capacitor
  55. Non-Polarized Capacitor
  56. Capacitor Dielectric
  57. Bypass Capacitor
  58. Diode Symbol
  59. Diode Band Marking
  60. Rectifier Diode
  61. Zener Diode
  62. Flyback Diode
  63. Diode Forward Bias
  64. Diode Reverse Bias
  65. Diode Current Rating
  66. Red LED
  67. Green LED
  68. Blue LED
  69. LED Viewing Angle
  70. LED Lens Shape
  71. LED Lifespan
  72. Potentiometer Wiper
  73. Linear Taper
  74. Logarithmic Taper
  75. Trim Pot Adjustment Screw

Component Knowledge - Active & ICs (63 concepts)

  1. Transistor
  2. NPN Transistor
  3. PNP Transistor
  4. Transistor Base
  5. Transistor Collector
  6. Transistor Emitter
  7. Transistor Switching
  8. Transistor Amplification
  9. Transistor Saturation
  10. Transistor Cutoff
  11. 2N2222 Transistor
  12. BC547 Transistor
  13. Integrated Circuit
  14. 555 Timer IC
  15. 555 Astable Mode
  16. 555 Monostable Mode
  17. 555 Pin Configuration
  18. Shift Register
  19. 74HC595 Shift Register
  20. Serial Data Input
  21. Parallel Data Output
  22. Clock Signal
  23. Latch Signal
  24. IC Pin Numbering
  25. IC Notch Orientation
  26. Base Resistor
  27. Transistor Pinout
  28. Transistor Schematic Symbol
  29. TO-92 Package
  30. Transistor Turn-On Voltage
  31. Transistor Gain Rating
  32. Transistor Heat Limit
  33. Darlington Pair
  34. Transistor Motor Driver
  35. 555 Trigger Pin
  36. 555 Threshold Pin
  37. 555 Discharge Pin
  38. 555 Reset Pin
  39. 555 Control Voltage Pin
  40. 555 Output Pin
  41. 555 Duty Cycle
  42. 555 Frequency Setting
  43. 555 LED Blinker
  44. 555 Buzzer Driver
  45. Shift Register Bit Order
  46. Manual Clock Pulse
  47. Shift Register Output Enable
  48. Shift Register Reset Pin
  49. Daisy-Chained Shift Registers
  50. Binary Counting Display
  51. 74HC595 LED Bar Graph
  52. 555-Driven Shift Register
  53. Pin 1 Dot Marker
  54. DIP Package
  55. IC Pin Count
  56. Standard IC Pin Spacing
  57. IC Socket
  58. Datasheet Pinout Diagram
  59. IC Insertion Technique
  60. Breadboard IC Straddle
  61. IC Removal Technique
  62. Bent IC Pin Repair
  63. Static Discharge Risk

Input Components (40 concepts)

  1. Push Button
  2. Tactile Button
  3. 4-Pin Push Button
  4. Momentary Switch
  5. Latching Switch
  6. Toggle Switch
  7. Slide Switch
  8. Rocker Switch
  9. DIP Switch
  10. SPST Switch
  11. SPDT Switch
  12. Normally Open
  13. Normally Closed
  14. Contact Bounce
  15. Button Debouncing
  16. Debounce Capacitor
  17. Series Switch Wiring
  18. Switch AND Logic
  19. Parallel Switch Wiring
  20. Switch OR Logic
  21. Multiple Button Combinations
  22. Combination Lock Circuit
  23. Light Sensor
  24. Photoresistor Resistance Range
  25. Photoresistor Response Time
  26. Photoresistor Voltage Divider
  27. Photocell Circuit
  28. Ambient Light Level
  29. Dark Vs Light Reading
  30. Dark Detector
  31. Sensor Threshold
  32. Analog Input
  33. Potentiometer Input
  34. Digital Input
  35. Digital Vs Analog Signal
  36. Trigger Input
  37. Manual Input Device
  38. Environmental Sensing
  39. Input Circuit Protection
  40. Button Press Duration

Output Components (40 concepts)

  1. Light Emitting Diode
  2. RGB LED
  3. Common Cathode RGB
  4. Common Anode RGB
  5. Color Mixing With LEDs
  6. LED Brightness Control
  7. LED Series Resistor
  8. LED Resistor Calculator
  9. Driving Multiple LEDs
  10. Parallel LED Wiring
  11. LED Strip
  12. LED Matrix
  13. LED Chaser Effect
  14. Blinking Output Pattern
  15. DC Motor
  16. Small Hobby Motor
  17. Motor Direction
  18. Motor Control Circuit
  19. Motor Load
  20. Motor Stall Current
  21. Motor Back-EMF
  22. Series LED Wiring
  23. Motor Noise Suppression
  24. Motor Speed Control
  25. PWM Control
  26. Duty Cycle
  27. Relay Basics
  28. Visual Output
  29. Indicator Light
  30. Audio Output
  31. Piezo Buzzer
  32. Active Buzzer
  33. Passive Buzzer
  34. Buzzer Tone
  35. Buzzer Polarity
  36. Actuator
  37. Load Resistance
  38. Output Device Protection
  39. Multi-Output Circuit
  40. Output Response Time

Practical Skills - Breadboarding & Assembly (58 concepts)

  1. Solderless Breadboard
  2. Full-Size Breadboard
  3. Half-Size Breadboard
  4. Breadboard Power Rails
  5. Breadboard Tie Points
  6. Breadboard Rows
  7. Breadboard Columns
  8. Breadboard Gutter
  9. Breadboard Numbering
  10. Breadboard Hole Spacing
  11. Breadboard Adhesive Backing
  12. Binding Post
  13. Breadboard Internal Connections
  14. Component Placement
  15. Component Lead Forming
  16. Wire Routing
  17. Jumper Wire
  18. Male-to-Male Jumper
  19. Male-to-Female Jumper
  20. Pre-Formed Jumper Wire
  21. Solid Core Wire
  22. Wire Gauge
  23. Wire Stripping
  24. Color-Coded Wiring
  25. Wire Length Planning
  26. Wire Crossing Reduction
  27. Circuit Layout
  28. Component Orientation
  29. Power Rail Connection
  30. Ground Rail Connection
  31. Breadboard Bridge Wire
  32. Neat Wiring Practice
  33. Breadboard Limitations
  34. Prototyping
  35. Wiring Diagram Interpretation
  36. Schematic-to-Breadboard Mapping
  37. Circuit Assembly Order
  38. Incremental Circuit Building
  39. Power-On Verification
  40. Circuit Testing
  41. Breadboard Troubleshooting
  42. Loose Connection
  43. Bent Component Lead
  44. Wrong Row Placement
  45. Breadboard Contact Wear
  46. Error Symptom Diagnosis
  47. Faulty Component Isolation
  48. Component Swap Testing
  49. Single-Change Debugging
  50. Perfboard
  51. Perfboard Layout Planning
  52. Point-to-Point Wiring
  53. Solder Joint
  54. Cold Solder Joint
  55. Low-Temperature Solder
  56. Solder Iron Safety
  57. Heat Shrink Tubing
  58. Wire Strain Relief

Measurement & Testing (38 concepts)

  1. Multimeter
  2. Digital Multimeter
  3. Analog Multimeter
  4. Multimeter Display
  5. Multimeter Dial Settings
  6. Auto-Ranging Multimeter
  7. Multimeter Probes
  8. Multimeter Safety
  9. Voltage Measurement
  10. Measuring In-Circuit Voltage
  11. Measuring Battery Voltage
  12. Current Measurement
  13. Reading Milliamps
  14. Resistance Measurement
  15. Verifying Resistor Color Code
  16. Continuity Testing
  17. Continuity Beep Tone
  18. Testing A Switch
  19. Voltage Range Selection
  20. Current Range Selection
  21. Diode Testing Mode
  22. Measuring LED Forward Voltage
  23. Overload Indicator
  24. Open Circuit Reading
  25. Short Circuit Reading
  26. Component Testing
  27. Out-Of-Circuit Testing
  28. Power Supply Testing
  29. Circuit Debugging
  30. Troubleshooting Strategy
  31. Half-Split Troubleshooting
  32. Comparing To Known-Good Circuit
  33. Checking Power First
  34. Isolating One Variable
  35. Signal Tracing
  36. Documenting Test Results
  37. Component Datasheet
  38. Reading A Component Label

Power Systems (40 concepts)

  1. USB Power Supply
  2. 5 Volt Power
  3. Battery Power
  4. 9 Volt Battery
  5. AA Battery
  6. Battery Holder
  7. Battery Pack Wiring
  8. Rechargeable Battery
  9. LiPo Battery
  10. TP4056 Charger Module
  11. Power Supply Selection
  12. Voltage Regulator
  13. 7805 Voltage Regulator
  14. Regulator Dropout Voltage
  15. Regulator Bypass Capacitors
  16. Heat Sink
  17. Buck Converter
  18. Step-Down Conversion
  19. Buck Converter Inductor
  20. Adjustable Output Trimmer
  21. Buck Converter Efficiency
  22. Boost Converter
  23. Linear Regulator
  24. Switching Regulator
  25. Power Efficiency
  26. Input Voltage
  27. Output Voltage
  28. Current Capacity
  29. XR2206 Function Generator
  30. Sine Wave Output
  31. Square Wave Output
  32. Triangle Wave Output
  33. Frequency Adjustment
  34. Amplitude Adjustment
  35. Solar Cell
  36. Photovoltaic Effect
  37. Solar Panel Wiring
  38. Charging Circuit
  39. Battery Overcharge Protection
  40. Power Budget

Digital Logic & Boolean (30 concepts)

  1. Binary State
  2. Digital Signal
  3. Boolean Logic
  4. Logical AND Operation
  5. Logical OR Operation
  6. Logical NOT Operation
  7. Truth Table
  8. Reading a Truth Table
  9. Building a Truth Table
  10. Logic Input Combination
  11. Logic Gate Symbol
  12. AND Gate
  13. Transistor AND Gate
  14. OR Gate
  15. Transistor OR Gate
  16. NOT Gate
  17. Transistor NOT Gate
  18. Two-Transistor Gate Circuit
  19. Gate Output LED Indicator
  20. NAND Gate
  21. NOR Gate
  22. XOR Gate
  23. Logic Level High
  24. Logic Level Low
  25. Combinational Logic
  26. RS Latch
  27. Set Input
  28. Reset Input
  29. Latch State
  30. Sequential Logic

Advanced Circuits & Capstone Projects (21 concepts)

  1. Flip Flop Circuit
  2. Memory Cell
  3. Bistable Circuit
  4. Timing Circuit
  5. Oscillator Circuit
  6. LED Flasher
  7. Signal Generator
  8. Multi-Stage Circuit
  9. Combining Sensor and Output
  10. Night Light Circuit
  11. Solar Night Light Project
  12. Busy Board Project
  13. LED Noodle Costume
  14. Capstone Project Planning
  15. Project Proposal
  16. Project Requirements List
  17. Circuit Block Diagram
  18. Original Circuit Design
  19. Prototype Iteration
  20. Project Demonstration
  21. Project Documentation

Summary Statistics

  • Total Concepts: 500
  • Max Label Length: 32 characters (all concepts verified programmatically to comply)
  • Title Case: All concepts use Title Case formatting
  • Distinct Concepts: Verified programmatically — zero duplicate or near-duplicate labels (case-insensitive check) across all 500
  • Coverage: Spans from part identification and breadboard basics through transistor logic, timing, shift registers, real-world kits, and capstone packaging, now with substantially finer granularity (specific component values, IC pin-level detail, step-by-step troubleshooting and measurement procedures, and named real-world projects)

Distribution by Category

Category Count Percentage
Foundational Concepts 95 19.0%
Passive Components 75 15.0%
Active Components & ICs 63 12.6%
Input Components 40 8.0%
Output Components 40 8.0%
Breadboarding & Assembly Skills 58 11.6%
Measurement & Testing 38 7.6%
Power Systems 40 8.0%
Digital Logic 30 6.0%
Advanced Circuits & Capstone 21 4.2%

No category exceeds 30% of the total, so the distribution is well-balanced for the taxonomy step (Step 5) that follows.

Pedagogical Alignment

These 500 concepts align with the Bloom's Taxonomy levels identified in the course description:

  • Remember/Understand (Concepts 1–95, 96–233): Component identification, basic principles, part names, symbols, and specific values/pin-level detail
  • Apply (Concepts 234–313, 410–449): Practical breadboarding, wired switch logic, driving outputs, power systems and real-world kits
  • Analyze (Concepts 372–409, 450–479): Measurement, systematic troubleshooting, transistor and Boolean logic analysis
  • Evaluate/Create (Concepts 314–371, 480–500): Assembly/packaging judgment calls, advanced circuits, and capstone project planning

All concepts are derivable from the course description and existing lesson/kit content, ensuring sufficient depth for meaningful dependency relationships in subsequent steps.

Expansion from 200 to 500 (2026 Revision)

The prior 200-concept list (itself already revised for the new course description — see the "Removed and Added Concepts" history in earlier versions of this file, preserved in git history) was expanded by adding exactly 300 new concepts, 30 to each of the 10 categories on average (weighted by how much real depth each topic has in a $50 kit): Foundational +57, Passive +45, Active & ICs +38, Input +24, Output +24, Breadboarding & Assembly +35, Measurement & Testing +23, Power Systems +24, Digital Logic +18, Advanced & Capstone +12. Every original concept label was kept verbatim and in place; new concepts were inserted to deepen granularity (e.g., specific resistor values, individual 555/74HC595 pin names, step-by-step troubleshooting procedures, and named capstone projects like the Busy Board and Solar Night Light). Four accidental cross-category duplicates surfaced during generation (Component Orientation, Flyback Diode, LED Viewing Angle, Load Resistance each showed up in two categories) and were resolved by keeping the concept in its more natural home category and replacing the duplicate in the other category with a distinct, non-overlapping concept (Voltage Source, Circuit Continuity, Series LED Wiring, Parallel LED Wiring).