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References: Windowing, Spectral Leakage, and Peak Detection

  1. Window function - Wikipedia - Catalogs the Hann, Hamming, and Blackman windows with their main-lobe-width and side-lobe-level tradeoffs, directly underlying this chapter's window comparison table and window table precomputation.

  2. Spectral leakage - Wikipedia - Explains how a signal that does not complete a whole number of cycles within a captured frame spreads its energy across neighboring bins, the exact edge-discontinuity mechanism this chapter opens with.

  3. Pitch detection algorithm - Wikipedia - Surveys approaches to estimating a signal's fundamental frequency, including frequency-domain peak-based methods, framing this chapter's argmax-search-plus-parabolic-interpolation pipeline within the broader field of pitch detection.

  4. Discrete-Time Signal Processing (3rd Edition) - Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer - Prentice Hall - This text's widely adopted comparison table of window main-lobe width versus side-lobe level, built on Fredric Harris's landmark 1978 windowing survey, is the standard reference other DSP textbooks' own window tradeoff tables are modeled on.

  5. Spectral Audio Signal Processing - Julius O. Smith III - W3K Publishing - Smith is credited with the widely reused closed-form derivation of quadratic (parabolic) interpolation through three adjacent spectral samples for sub-bin peak-frequency estimation, the exact formula this chapter uses for parabolic interpolation.

  6. Understanding FFTs and Windowing - National Instruments - Explains how windowing tapers a captured record toward zero at its edges to reduce spectral leakage, and surveys Hann, Hamming, and Blackman-Harris windows and when to choose each, mirroring this chapter's window selection guidance.

  7. Window Functions in Spectrum Analyzers - Tektronix - Compares Hann, Hamming, and Blackman-Harris windows by side-lobe suppression and main-lobe width, illustrating the identical no-free-lunch window tradeoff this chapter states as a fundamental, unavoidable relationship.

  8. Spectral Analysis of Signals - dspguide.com (Steven W. Smith) - Free chapter covering spectral leakage, the resolution-versus-leakage tradeoff of different windows, and frequency resolution limits, closely paralleling this chapter's treatment of the same topics with additional worked spectral examples.

  9. FFT frequency measurement resolution by parabolic and other interpolations - CERN (M. Gasior) - Technical note quantifying how much parabolic interpolation improves frequency-measurement resolution beyond raw bin width, directly supporting this chapter's sub-bin accuracy claims for parabolic interpolation.

  10. Windowing - Fundamentals of Signal Processing - Vibration Research University - Explains why an uncorrected edge discontinuity causes leakage and gives practical guidance for choosing between rectangular, flat-top, Hann, Hamming, and Blackman windows, reinforcing this chapter's window-selection decision.