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References: Edge Styling and Visual Properties

  1. Bézier curve - Wikipedia - Defines the control-point mathematics behind the curve family this chapter's Cubic Bezier Curve section uses to route vis-network edges around unrelated nodes.

  2. Directed graph - Wikipedia - Explains edges with a distinguished direction from one vertex to another, the structural concept this chapter's Edge Arrows section relies on to justify arrowheads pointing toward a prerequisite.

  3. Arrow (symbol) - Wikipedia - Traces how arrow glyphs came to conventionally represent direction in diagrams and notation, background for this chapter's claim that arrowhead placement is the single most meaning-bearing edge property.

  4. Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs - Giuseppe Di Battista, Peter Eades, Roberto Tamassia, and Ioannis G. Tollis - Prentice Hall - Covers edge-routing and curve-fitting algorithms used to reduce visual clutter in dense graphs, the same motivation this chapter gives for enabling Edge Smoothing.

  5. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (3rd Edition) - James D. Foley, Andries van Dam, Steven K. Feiner, and John F. Hughes - Addison-Wesley - A comprehensive computer-graphics reference whose treatment of parametric curves underlies the Cubic Bezier Curve mathematics this chapter applies to edge rendering.

  6. vis-network Edges Documentation - vis.js Official Docs - The authoritative reference for every edge property this chapter covers, including label, color, width, dashes, smooth, arrows, and font, with full configuration syntax for each.

  7. Edge Styles: Static Smooth Curves - vis.js Official Docs - A live, draggable example contrasting static and dynamic smooth-curve settings, letting learners see the exact smooth behavior this chapter's Edge Smoothing section describes in prose.

  8. cubic-bezier.com - Lea Verou - An interactive tool for dragging a cubic Bezier curve's control points and watching the resulting path change in real time, useful for building intuition before applying smooth.type: "cubicBezier" in vis-network.

  9. Cubic Bezier Curve Implementation in C - GeeksforGeeks - Walks through the four-control-point parametric formula for cubic Bezier curves, the same P0/P1/P2/P3 structure vis-network uses internally when smooth.type is set to cubicBezier.

  10. Quadratic Bezier Curve: Convert Edges from Lines to Curved Paths - GeeksforGeeks - Demonstrates converting straight graph edges into curved paths for readability in dense networks, directly illustrating why this chapter recommends smoothing over straight edges for crowded learning graphs.