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References: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

  1. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia - Overview of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, with the overall equation and ATP yield accounting used throughout this chapter.

  2. Citric acid cycle - Wikipedia - Detailed step-by-step description of the Krebs cycle intermediates and the NADH, FADH2, and ATP produced at each turn.

  3. Fermentation - Wikipedia - Explains lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation as NAD+-regenerating pathways that allow glycolysis to continue without oxygen.

  4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (8th ed.) - David Nelson, Michael Cox (after Albert Lehninger) - W.H. Freeman - Lehninger's text pioneered the wall-chart "metabolic map" style that visually threads glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation into one traceable pathway, an integrative device widely imitated by later textbooks.

  5. Campbell Biology (12th ed.) - Lisa Urry, Michael Cain, Steven Wasserman, Peter Minorsky, Jane Reece (originated by Neil Campbell) - Pearson - Campbell Biology popularized the convention of annotating ATP and NADH yield directly onto each stage of the respiration diagram, letting students track energy accounting step by step rather than only at a final summary table.

  6. AP Biology: Cellular Energetics - Khan Academy - Free video lessons and practice problems on glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fermentation aligned to the AP Biology course framework.

  7. HHMI BioInteractive - Howard Hughes Medical Institute - Short films and interactive modules on cellular respiration and mitochondrial function, including data-based activities on ATP production.

  8. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI Bookshelf) - Free full-text chapter on mitochondrial energy conversion, covering the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in molecular detail.

  9. Biology 2e - OpenStax - Free college biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration with additional worked examples of ATP yield calculations.

  10. 7.013 Introductory Biology - MIT OpenCourseWare - College-level lecture notes covering cellular energetics and metabolic pathway regulation.