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References: Time-Frequency Analysis and Advanced Topics

  1. Short-time Fourier transform - Wikipedia - Defines windowed Fourier analysis, inversion, resolution tradeoffs, spectrogram construction, and discrete implementation.

  2. Spectrogram - Wikipedia - Explains time-frequency visualization, STFT generation, display scales, interpretation, and speech, music, radar, and biological applications.

  3. Time–frequency analysis - Wikipedia - Surveys linear and quadratic representations, wavelets, Wigner distributions, ambiguity, resolution, and nonstationary-signal applications.

  4. Time-Frequency Analysis - Leon Cohen - Prentice Hall - Cohen’s unified distribution-class framework exposes the tradeoff between localization and cross-term interference across methods.

  5. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing: The Sparse Way (3rd Edition) - Stéphane Mallat - Academic Press - Mallat’s time-frequency atoms and multiresolution geometry make localization, uncertainty, ridges, and wavelet analysis visually coherent.

  6. The Short-Time Fourier Transform - Spectral Audio Signal Processing - Derives STFT computation, window overlap, reconstruction, time-frequency display, and practical parameter selection.

  7. SciPy Spectrogram - SciPy - Documents spectrogram parameters, windows, overlap, FFT length, scaling, modes, and modern STFT alternatives.

  8. TensorFlow STFT - TensorFlow - Provides a differentiable, accelerator-compatible STFT with explicit frame, hop, FFT, window, and padding controls.

  9. Simple Audio Recognition - TensorFlow - Converts waveforms into STFT spectrograms and uses them as time-frequency features for a practical neural classifier.

  10. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing - Stéphane Mallat - Supplies figures, code, experiments, and exercises on wavelets, sparse representations, time-frequency geometry, and applications.