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References: Analog Signals, ADC, and Pulse-Width Modulation

  1. Analog-to-digital converter - Wikipedia - Explains how an ADC turns a varying voltage into a number, including resolution and sampling. Directly supports this chapter's potentiometer and light-sensor reading.

  2. Pulse-width modulation - Wikipedia - Describes how varying the duty cycle of a square wave controls average power. Background for the chapter's LED-fading and motor-speed examples.

  3. Potentiometer - Wikipedia - Covers the variable resistor used as an analog input throughout this chapter. Explains the voltage-divider behavior students read with the ADC.

  4. Make: Electronics (3rd Edition) - Charles Platt - Make Community - Hands-on chapters on analog signals, potentiometers, and PWM-style control that reinforce this chapter's experiments.

  5. Practical Electronics for Inventors (4th Edition) - Paul Scherz & Simon Monk - McGraw-Hill - Detailed coverage of ADCs, sampling, and PWM for students who want the engineering theory behind this chapter.

  6. machine.ADC - MicroPython - Official reference for reading analog values, including read_u16() scaling. The authoritative companion to the chapter's ADC code.

  7. machine.PWM - MicroPython - Official reference for setting PWM frequency and duty cycle with duty_u16(). Directly supports the chapter's fading and servo examples.

  8. Analog-to-Digital Conversion - SparkFun - A beginner tutorial on resolution, reference voltage, and reading analog signals. Reinforces the chapter's ADC concepts.

  9. Pulse Width Modulation - SparkFun - Explains duty cycle and how PWM dims LEDs and drives motors. A clear companion to the chapter's PWM section.

  10. Introduction to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - All About Circuits - A technical-but-readable article with waveforms and duty-cycle math. Expands on the chapter's PWM explanation.