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References: The Roaring Twenties, Depression, and New Deal (1920–1941)

  1. Great Depression - Wikipedia - Comprehensive article on causes (stock market crash, bank failures, Smoot-Hawley Tariff), scope (global unemployment), human cost, and policy responses in the United States and abroad.

  2. New Deal - Wikipedia - Details FDR's two New Deal phases, major programs (CCC, TVA, Social Security Act, NLRA), the "court-packing" controversy, and ongoing debates about the New Deal's effectiveness.

  3. Harlem Renaissance - Wikipedia - Surveys the literary, artistic, and intellectual flowering of African American culture in 1920s New York, covering key figures (Hughes, Hurston, Ellington) and the movement's enduring influence.

  4. David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (1999) - Oxford University Press - Pulitzer Prize-winning narrative integrating economic, political, and social history of the Depression and New Deal era, widely regarded as the definitive single-volume treatment.

  5. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939 (1990) - Cambridge University Press - Examines how working-class immigrants and African Americans experienced the Depression and New Deal from the ground up, challenging top-down political narratives.

  6. Digital History: The 1920s and 1930s - University of Houston - Primary sources and analytical essays on Prohibition, the Harlem Renaissance, the 1929 crash, Hoover's response, and FDR's New Deal programs.

  7. Library of Congress: FSA/OWI Photograph Collection - Library of Congress - Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" and tens of thousands of other Depression-era photographs commissioned by the Farm Security Administration; a primary source archive of the Dust Bowl and Depression.

  8. New Deal Network — Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library - FDR Presidential Library - Digitized fireside chat transcripts, executive orders, and correspondence documenting FDR's communication style and legislative program; key primary sources for this chapter.

  9. Prohibition — Ken Burns Documentary Resources - PBS - Educational companion to Ken Burns's Prohibition documentary, with primary sources on the temperance movement, the Volstead Act, and the rise of organized crime.

  10. Khan Academy: 1920s America - Khan Academy - Articles and videos on consumer culture, Prohibition, immigration restriction, and the Harlem Renaissance, with the Great Depression and New Deal covered in subsequent modules.